Following is a list of the many pests that can afflict Brussels Sprouts and the tools used to control them. I owe a special thanks to my PCA, Kelley McCaig of Western Farm Service for compiling this information.

Nematodes: Both Root-Knot and Cyst nematodes

1,3 Dicloropropene, Metam Sodium, Fenamiphos

Diseases:

Clubroot-PCNB

Fusarium Wilt-Metam Sodium

Verticillium Wilt- Metam Sodium

Phytophora Root Rot-Metam Sodium

Sclerotinia-Benomyl

Black Rot- non-known

Black Leg- non known

Downy Mildew- Maneb, Chlorothalonil

Ring Spot- Benomyl, Maneb, Chlorothalonil

Altenaria Leafspot- Chlorothalonil

Powdery Mildew- Sulfur, Benomyl

Weeds:

A variety of weeds wreak havoc in production, Bensulide, and DCPA are registered for control, but not widely used at this point.

Insects:

Cabbage Aphid- Oxydemeton-methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dimethoate, Disulfoton, Naled, Imidacloprid.

Green Peach Aphid- Naled, Imidacloprid, Dimethoate. Methamidophos, Endosulfan.

Cabbage Maggot- Chloropyrifos, Diazinon.

Cabbage Looper- Permethrin, Methamidophos, Naled

Diamond Back Moth- Permethrin, Methamidophos, Naled, Sevin, Methomyl, Endosulfan, Acephate, Azinphos-methyl, Bt.

Armyworms- Mehtomyl, Naled, Sevin, Bt

(All trade names used below are registered to their prospective manufacturers)

• Application Rate: 0.50-1.0 lbs. A.I. per acre.
• Number of Applications: Can be applied up to 6 times. Typically applied at the 1.0 lb. A.I., 3-4 times per acre per season. Maximum label dosage 6lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 3-4lbs A.I. per season
• Application Methods: Applied by ground as a broadcast foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; 21 days Typical; 30-40 days.
• Market Shares and Trends: Chlorpyrifos is applied at least 3 times to 90% of the commercially grown acreage. Its use declined slightly with the use of Imidacloprid, but then rose again with the loss of Mevinphos. Some varieties of Brussels Sprouts require 5-6 applications of Chlorpyrifos due to their long growing season. Some years with heavy Cabbage Aphid pressure require 5-6 applications.
• Potential Alternatives: With the loss of Mevinphos, growers were forced to turn to an increase in the use of Chlorpyrifos for aphid control. This chemical provides a quick knockdown of the insect like Mevinphos. Meta-systox-R oxydemton-methyl, Dimethoate, and Imidacloprid also control Cabbage Aphid, but these products work much more slowly and, with their use only, may allow aphid populations to build too quickly.
• Other Issues: The growing nature of the Brussels Sprouts plant in one that makes controlling Cabbage Aphid extremely difficult. The plant grows to a height of 24-44 inches in height. Along this long stalk, are 65-75 tightly headed miniature cabbages. At the top, are leaves overlapping leaves. This morphology, does not afford the growers much hope of killing aphid if they gets behind. With the use of Chlorpyrifos, the growers can keep check on the aphid; allowing them to harvest a marketable crop.

• Application Rate: 1.0 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: 3. Typically applied twice per season at 1.0 lbs. A.I. per acre. Maximum label dosage 3lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 2lbs A.I. per season
• Application Methods: Foliar by ground. Will be foliar by air if wet weather forces this.
• Pests That Drive Usage: White Mold Sclerotinia Ringspot Mycosphaerella brassiciola
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; 7 days Typical; 14+
• Market Shares and Trends: Select varieties require the fungicide to control White Mold. Largest share of chemical is applied late season to aid in the control of Ring Spot.
• Potential Alternatives: For White Mold control, their is no current alternative. For Ring Spot, chlorothalonil is widely used. Manex maneb is another possible alternative
• Other Issues: In 1997, Powdery Mildew was discovered for the first time in Brussels Sprouts grown in California. Benomyl has some effect on Powdery Mildew. If the problem persists, it will be necessary to have as many tools available as possible to battle this mildew.

• Application Rate: 1.0 to 1.5 lbs. of A.I.
• Number of Applications: Typically applied at 1.5 lbs. of A.I. 2-3 times per season. Maximum label dosage 9lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 3lbs A.I. per season.
• Applications Methods: Foliar by ground. Will be foliar by air, if wet weather forces this.
• Pest That Drive Usage: Ringspot Mycosphaerella brassiciola Alternaria Leaf Spot Alternaria spp. Downey Mildew Peronospora parasitica
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; none Typical: 14 days
• Market Shares and Trends: Nearly 100 % of the Brussels Sprouts grown on the Central Coast receive at least one application. More typically, two applications is needed. In years with heavy disease pressure from foggy days, three to four applications may be needed.
• Potential Alternatives: For Downey Mildew, Manex maneb can be used. For Alternaria and Ring Spot, Benlate benomyl can be used, but is about twice the cost of chlorothalonil.
• Other Issues: Chlorothalonil is a superior product, that works very well on Ring Spot. In 1992, the central coast experienced extremely heavy disease pressure from the persistent foggy, wet days and nights. Without the use of this chemistry, the industry would of sustained heavy losses.

• Application Rate: 6-14 lbs. per treated acre. Typically applied as band of 12 inches on a 36 inch bed at the rate of 4 lbs. per treated acre.
• Number of Applications: Applied once per season. Maximum label dosage 14lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 4lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied post-transplant, by ground. Prior to irrigation.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Applied to control a wide-range of weeds.
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply, but their is some crop rotation restrictions that should be observed. Used as a pre-plant only.
• Market Shares and Trends: Not used on a wide scaled basis, but its use could become more prevalent as rising labor costs could force the grower to turn to more chemical alternatives.
• Potential Alternatives: At this time, there is no feasible alternatives.

 Pesticide Use Summary

• Application Rate: 1 to 2 lbs. A.I. per acre.
• Number of Applications: Their is no restrictions on the number of applications, but it is typically applied 2-3 times at 2 lbs. A.I. per acre per crop. Maximum label dosage no limit Actual dosage 4-6lbs A.I. per season
• Application Methods: Applied by ground as a broadcast spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; 1 day Typical; 7-14 days
• Market Shares and Trends: With the loss of mevinphos, growers were left with only Naled as a successful product to kill aphids close to harvest. ( 3 days or less) This use is rapidly declining due to the introduction of other products. However; its use as a tool to control Diamond Back Moth is rapidly rising as this insects presence is ever increasing.
• Potential Alternatives: For aphid control, the use of Diazinon with a 7 day PHI is useful. Also the use of Imidacloprid also a 7 day PHI is helpful. For Diamond Back Moth, there is other potential alternatives. The key word here is potential, because at this time, the industry is unsure of what is best on Diamond Back Moth. This makes it important to maintain use of the current chemistry, as well as; develop new chemistry.
• Other Issues: For Diamond Back Moth Control, their is currently a Sec 18 for the use of Spinosad. This product has shown some promising results. This is completely new chemistry, and in order to preserve its efficacy; it should not be overused. Therefore; use of other products is important.

• Application Rate: .5 to 1 lb. A.I. per acre.
• Number of Applications: May be applied up to 6 times. Typically applied 3-4 times at the 1 lb. A.I. rate. Maximum label dosage 6 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 3-4 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied by ground as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae Green Peach Aphid Mysus persicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 10 days Typical 14+
• Market Shares and Trends: Facing the complete loss of use of Systox in 1996, the growers faced a situation where they were left with only one, really effective, foliar aphidcide. Fortunately; the industry rallied, and they were granted the use of Dimethoate shortly before Systoxs’ disappearance. Now, with Oxydemeton-methyl being their main arsenal, they have a companion and a backup for aphid control. While only being moderate in Cabbage Aphid control, Dimethoate adds the benefit of having some efficacy on Green Peach Aphid. This product is used on 90% of the acreage.
• Potential Alternatives: For Green Peach Aphid, Acephate, Imidacloprid, and Methamidophos are decent alternatives. However; these products are more costly than Dimethoate. For Cabbage Aphid, Imidacloprid and Oxydemton-methyl are acceptable alternatives, but again are more expensive to use and are limited to a maximum of 3 applications each.
• Other Issues: When combating Cabbage Aphid, it is sometimes necessary to mix two or three chemicals in the same tank to be successful. The arsenal is somewhat limited, but hopefully, with the introduction of new chemistry and the continued use of the current products; growers will be able to supply a crop free from aphid presence and damage.

• Application Rate: 1.0 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Can be applied 2 times per season. Typically applied 1 time per season. Maximum label dosage 2 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 1 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Product is banded on each side of plant at time of sidedressing nutrients. The material is at a minimum of 2 inches deep.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): 30 days Typical 100 days+
• Market Shares and Trends: At one time, Disulfoton was applied to 80% of the commercially grown Brussels Sprouts. Presently, it is applied to about 30% of the acreage.
• Potential Alternatives: Imidacloprid is currently being used as an alternative on a small percentage of the acreage. This relatively new chemistry works rather well, but the higher cost rarely outweighs any benefits seen from its use.

• Application Rate: .25 to .50 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: May apply up to 5 times. Typically applied 2-3 times at the .5 lbs. A.I. rate. Maximum label dosage 2.5 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 1-1.5 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied by ground as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 7days Typical 10+
• Market Shares and Trends: Diazinon is a product that has been used in the industry for many years. And, regardless of its age; still works as one of the best aphidcide when there is only light pressure in the field. Diazinon is an inexpensive product, and because of its relatively short PHI, is an excellent choice in a Pest Control Program. Diazinon is applied to 85% of the acreage at one point or another during the growing season.
• Potential Alternatives: Because of its low cost, there is hardly, as worthy, a potential alternative. In other views, Dimethoate, Imidacloprid, Oxydemton-methyl, and Naled; are nearly equal or better in terms of efficacy.

• Application Rate: 3-4 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Applied 1 time per season. Maximum label dosage 4 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 3-4 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Product is sprayed on the soil by ground and is tilled in to a 3-6 inch depth.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage Maggot Delia radicum
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply for soil applications. Used pre-plant only.
• Market Shares and Trends: Varieties transplanted into the field in late March through April, are especially susceptible to attack by Cabbage Maggot. By mulching in Diazinon, growers are able to obtain satisfactory control. 20% of the acreage is treated this way.
• Potential Alternatives: Growers can use Chlorpyrifos or Fonofos, but with heavy pressure, the use of Diazinon and one of the former may be necessary. The Diazinon can be put on pre-plant, and the other can be put on at time of planting.

• Application Rate: .5 to .75 lbs. A.I.per acre.
• Number of Applications: 3 Typically applied at .75 lbs. A.I. per acre; one or two times per season Maximum label dosage 2.25 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage .75-1.5 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Methods: Post transplant, banded at base of plant. Mid season; broadcast spray
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage maggot Delia radicum at early season Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella at mid season.
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; 7 days foliar, 21 days transplant use Typical: 14+ days foliar use
• Market Shares and Trends: In the past (20 years ago) used quite heavily to control early season cabbage maggot. Use is less now, but not entirely gone. Mid season use is increasing as Diamond Back Moth populations increase.
• Potential Alternatives: For early season Cabbage Maggot; Chlorpyrifos. For Diamond Back Moth; Bt, methomyl, endosulfan, and permethrin. Due to long growing season (180-220 days) it is important to rotate class of chemicals as much as possible in order to preserve their efficacy
• Other Issues: For Diamond Back Moth control, their is currently a Sec 18 for the use of Success spinosa it has shown some promising results. This is completely new chemistry, and in order to preserve its efficacy, it should not be overused. Therefore; use of the other alternatives is important.

• Application Rate: .45 to .9 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Can apply up to 5.4 lbs. A.I. per acre per season. Typically applied 3 times at the .9 lb. A.I. per acre rate. Maximum label dosage 5.4lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 1.8 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied by ground as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella Imported Cabbageworms Pieris rapae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 3 days Typical; 10+
• Market Shares and Trends: Not used on a wide scaled basis until the 1997 growing season developed a large Diamond Back Moth problem. In that year, 90% of the acreage was treated with Methomyl.
• Potential Alternatives: Permethrin, Bt, Naled, Endosulfan, Azinphos-methyl, and Methamidophos are all currently registered to control Diamond Back Moth. Due to the long growing season of Brussels Sprouts (180-220 days), as many as 12 applications of pesticide may be necessary to control Diamond Back Moth. For this reason, it is important to have as many different types of chemistry available and to rotate these chemistries; to preserve the efficacy of each.
• Other Issues: For Diamond Back Moth control, their is currently a Sec. 18 for the use of Success Spinosad on Brussels Sprouts. This should offer some relief to the growers. This is completely new chemistry, and in order to preserve its efficacy, it will be important to rotate it with the other available products.

• Application Rate: 0.62-1.28 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: 1 Maximum label dosage 1.28 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 1.28 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Methods: A granular formulation of Chlorpyrifos is used at time of transplanting. Placement is behind the planter shoe and in front of the press wheels. This accomplishes shallow incorporation.
• Pest That Drive Usage: Cabbage Maggot Delia radicum
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply. Used only at transplanting time
• Market Shares and Trends: 90% of the acreage is treated with this preventative insecticide. There is little recourse, if a field becomes infested with Cabbage Maggot.
• Potential Alternatives: It is possible for the grower to use Diazinon 14G Diazinon, or Definite II 15G Fonofos. These options, however; do not give the same degree of control as chlorpyrifos.
• Other Issues: To get a crop off to a healthy start, is the biggest step a grower must take for a successful crop. A crop of Brussels Sprouts that is infested with Cabbage Maggots will be weaker and require more inputs to achieve even a average crop. These inputs include: Fertilizers, insecticides, water, and cultivations.

• Application Rate: 1.13 lbs. A.I. to 1.6 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Can apply up to 6 times per season. Typically applied 3 times per season. Maximum label dosage 9.6 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 4.8 lbs A.I. per season
• Method of Application: By ground as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Alternaria Leaf Spot Alternaria spp. Downey Mildew Peronospora parasitica
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 7 days Typical 14+ days
• Market Shares and Trends: Not used on a wide scaled basis, but during foggy summers and wet weather when disease pressure is high; Maneb is rotated with the other registered products labeled to control these diseases.
• Potential Alternatives: Chlorothalonil is an excellent alternative to Maneb for controlling Alternaria Leafspot. Its cost is slightly higher, but the benefits outweigh the added expense. For controlling Downey Mildew, Alliette is registered. This product is more expensive and is not quite as good on Downey Mildew as Maneb.

• Application Rate: .75 to 1 lb. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Does not specify a maximum. Typically applied 2-3 times at the 1 lb. A.I. rate. Maximum label dosage not specified Actual dosage 2-3 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied by ground as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella Loopers Trichplusia ni and Autographa californica Green Peach Aphid Mysus persicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 14 days Typical 14+
• Market Shares and Trends: Prior to the 1997 production season, Methamidophos was used primarily to control Green Peach Aphid. Nearly 80% of the acreage was treated in this manner. In 1997, growers were faced with a widescale Diamond Back Moth problem and turned to this powerful chemistry to battle it. While not a total answer to the problem, it was a tool that shaded some light on the situation. 90% of the acreage was treated in this manner.
• Potential Alternatives: For Green Peach Aphid, Dimethoate and Imidacloprid are good alternatives but will not control worms also. Acephate, which is a close relative of Methamidophos, will control some worms and Green Peach Aphid. For Diamond Back Moth, Azinphos-Methyl, Methomyl, Bt, Endosulfan, and Permethrin will all help control Diamond Back Moth, but no one chemical will do it alone. Having the use of all these and Methamidophos will be necessary.
• Other Issues: Recently, growers were granted a Sec. 18 for Success Spinosad. I t has shown promising results with the control of Diamond Back Moth. This is totally new chemistry, and in order to preserve its efficacy; it should be rotated with the other products.

• Application Rate: .33 to .5 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: May be applied up to 3 times. Typically applied 2-3 times at the .5 lb. Rate. Maximum label dosage 1.5 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 1-1.5 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied by ground as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne Brassicae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 10 days. Typical 14+
• Market Shares and Trends: With the loss of Systox in 1996, growers were forced to use, in most cases, the maximum allowed applications of Oxydemeton-methyl. It is of most importance not to allow the Cabbage Aphid population to grow to large. The morphology of the plant, makes it extremely important to have a systemic aphidcide like Systox. Oxydemeton-methyl stepped up and took its place.
• Potential Alternatives: For foliar applied products, Dimethoate is a good choice for systemic insecticides. Although, it does not provide as much control as Oxydemton-methyl, it fits in well to alternate with or as a tankmix with the latter. Imidacloprid and Disulfoton are good soil applied, systemic insecticides. Again, more often than not, they cannot be used alone and a foliar applied systemic, would be needed also.

• Application Rate: 6 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Applied 1 time per season Maximum label dosage 6 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 6 lbs A.I. per season but used on limited acreage only.
• Application Method: Applied by ground, prior to transplanting. The material is incorporated to a shallow depth on a 15 inch band.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp. Cyst Nematode Heterodera spp.
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply, but there is some crop rotation restrictions that should be observed. Used as a pre-plant treatment only
• Market Shares and Trends: Most of the alternatives require 14 days between application and planting. During years experiencing wet springs, this is not a feasible option. With Fenamiphos, a grower can plant after waiting the 48 hour REI. Therefore use varies, from 5-10% of the early plantings.
• Potential Alternatives: 1,3-Dichloropropene, is a excellent alternative. However; as mentioned earlier, one must wait 14 days to plant. Another possible alternative is Ditera E.S. (Biological Nematicide) Its use has not occurred yet in Brussels Sprout production, so growers are unsure of its efficacy on nematodes. 1998 will probably bring about more use of this product.

• Application Rate: .5 to 1 lb. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Varies, but not exceed more than 8 applications per season. Typically applied at 1 lbs. A.I. per acre at late season. Maximum label dosage 8 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 2 lbs A.I. per season

• Application Methods: Foliar application

• Pests That Drive Usage: Green Peach Aphid Mysus persicae Diamond Back Moth Larvae Plutella xylostella

• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 14 Days Typical 14+

• Market Shares and Trends: Not used very heavily. Usage will climb slightly as growers attempt to control Diamond Back Moth.

• Potential Alternatives: For Green Peach Aphid; imidacloprid, endosulfan, Monitor methamidophos. For Diamond Back Moth; methomyl, permethrin, and Bt. Due to long growing season (180-220 days) it is important to rotate class of chemicals as much as possible, in order to preserve their efficacy.

• Other Issues: For Diamond Back Moth control, their is currently a Sec 18 for the use of Success spinosad. It has shown some promising results. This is completely new chemistry, and in order to preserve its efficacy, it should not be overused. Therefore; use of the other alternatives is important

 Pesticide Use Summary

• Application Rate: 30 lbs. A.I. per broadcast acre
• Number of Applications: Applied one time per season. Maximum label dosage 30 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 30 lbs A.I. per season but is used on limited acreage only.
• Application Methods: Most commonly; PCNB is applied by ground with a mulching machine. The unit sprays a 15 inch band on the center of the bed and immediately incorporates the chemical to a 4 to 6 inch depth. This is done prior to transplanting. Other uses include the broadcast spray of the chemical, which is then disked into the soil.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Product is used almost entirely to control Clubroot Plasmodiophora brassicae.
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply; but there is crop rotation restrictions that must be observed. Used at time of transplanting or pre-plant only.
• Market Shares and Trends: Without the use of PCNB, production of cruciferous crops on a portion of the currently farmed land in California, would be impossible. Most of its use is in San Mateo County, but ever increasing amounts of the clubroot fungus are being discovered in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties. So detrimental clubroot is to Brussels Sprouts, that only through careful cultural practices and the use of PCNB, are some soils able to produce this crop.
• Potential Alternatives: The only alternative is absence of all cruciferous crops in the infected fields for at least three years.
• Other Issues: Applying PCNB at the rates required to control clubroot, is an extremely expensive pre-harvest cost. If growers could do without, they most surely would.

• Application Rate: 0.05-0.1 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Do not apply more than 0.8 A.I. per acre per season. Typically applied 3-4 times at the 0.1 A.I. per acre per season. Maximum label dosage 0.8 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 0.3-0.4 lbs A.I. per season
• Applications Methods: Applied by ground as a broadcast foliar spray. Can also be applied by air.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Armyworms Pseudaletia unipuncta Loopers Trichoplusia ni and Autographa californica Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella Imported Cabbageworms Pieris rapae
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; 1 day Typical; 7-14 days
• Market Shares and Trends: Its extremely high efficacy, its low cost, its low worker exposure, and its short PHI; make Permethrin a product of choice. Virtually all of the commercially produced Brussels Sprouts are treated with this product at some point in the growing season. It is used in season long pest control, as well as; a quick knockdown prior to harvest.
• Potential Alternatives: There are some currently registered alternatives for controlling worms in Brussels Sprouts. In addition; there is some new chemistry that should be available to growers for the coming season. Unfortunately; these currently registered products and the upcoming ones are more expensive for the grower use. Also, due to the long growing season of Sprouts (180-220 days), it is important to have many tools for insect control. Permethrin is the only, currently registered, second generation pyrethroid for use in Brussels Sprouts
• Other Issues: Permethrin is a product that has been around for many years. Unfortunately; this chemistry has just recently shown some resistance problems in Brussels Sprouts production, specifically with Diamond Back Moth. Fortunately; with the currently approved Sec. 18 for Success Spinosad, the growers will have a tool to combat this troublesome pest. Also approved recently, is the use of Confirm Tebufenozide, which should be good for Armyworm control.

• Application Rate: Maximum label dosage 6 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 2-3 lbs A.I. per season
• Number of Applications: Applied once prior to transplanting.
• Application Method: Applied prior to transplant by ground. An eight to ten inch band is banded onto the center of the bed.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Applied to control; Redroot Pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus.
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply, but their is some crop rotation restrictions that should be observed. Used as pre-plant or pre emergence only.
• Market Shares and Trends: Not used on a wide scale basis, but its use could become necessary as rising labor costs could force the grower to turn to more chemical alternatives.
• Potential Alternatives: A somewhat limited supply of DCPA is available for use, but the higher rate of the chemical must be used to control Redroot Pigweed. This creates a costly situation.

• Application Rate: .50 - 2.0 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: Can be applied up to four times. However; cannot exceed more than 6.0 lbs. of A.I. per acre per season. Typically applied at 2.0 lbs. A.I. one or two times per season. Maximum label dosage 6 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 2-4 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Methods: Applied by ground as a broadcast spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella Fall Armyworm Pseudaletia unipunta
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum; 3 days Typical; 7+
• Market Shares and Trends: Use is not entirely widespread, but does have its niche as another tool to battle Diamond Back Moth.
• Potential Alternatives: For Armyworms and Diamond Back Moth, their are many potential alternatives, but due to the long growing season of the plant (180-220 days) it is important to maintain different classes of chemicals in order to, if need shall be, to have an arsenal to combat these pests.

Other Issues: For Diamond Back Moth control, their is currently a Sec 18 for the use of Success spinosad it has shown some promising results. This is completely new chemistry, and in order to preserve its efficacy, it should not be overused. Therefore; use of the other alternatives is important

 Pesticide Use Summary

• Application Rate: 8-10 gallons per acre (75 to 95 lbs. A.I.)
• Number of Applications: Applied 1 time per season. Maximum label dosage 95 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 60-75 lbs A.I. per season
• Application Method: Applied by shanking the product into the center of the bed at a depth of 10-12 inches. The soil is then immediately sealed by packing wheels to prevent any loss of material. All this is done prior to planting.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp. Cyst Nematode Heterodera spp.
• Pre-harvest Interval: Does not apply. Used as a pre-plant fumigant only
• Market Shares and Trends: Ten years ago, 1,3-Dichloropropene was used on 90% of the acreage of commercially grown Brussels Sprouts. With its loss of use in 1990, the growers scrambled to find an alternative and turned to Metam-Sodium. Now, with 1,3-Dichlorpropene approved for use again, around 50% of the acreage is treated with this product.
• Potential Alternatives: As mentioned earlier, Metam-Sodium is a potential alternative, but has shown not to be as efficacious on nematodes, especially during drier years. Fenamiphos is a good nematicide, but is not a true fumigant; which is necessary to control nematodes deeper in the soil profile. Ditera E.S. (Biological Nematicide) its use has not occurred yet, but 1998 probably will see some larger scale trials to test its efficacy.
• Other Issues: It has been seen in the field, that not only does 1,3-Dichloropropene control nematodes, but does produce some control of certain diseases that plague the industry. These diseases include Clubroot Plasmodiphora brassicae. This control has not been documented, but certainly is known in the industry.

• Application Rate: 0.75-1.0 lbs. A.I. per acre
• Number of Applications: National label allows 4 applications per year. California label allows 2 applications per year. Maximum label dosage 2 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 1-2 lbs A.I. per season on very limited acreage
• Method of Application: Applied as a foliar spray.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Diamond Back Moth Plutella xylostella
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Minimum 14 days Typical 21+
• Market Shares and Trends: Because of Endosulfans’ restrictions of being applied near bodies of water, its use has dropped off dramatically. Only recently, has the product made a re-appearance. This is due to the sudden pressure felt from Diamond Back Moth. Even so; a large portion of the commercially produced Brussels Sprouts lie within the buffer zone and cannot be treated with Endosulfan. However; a small portion of the acreage meets the qualifications to be applied with Endosulfan. This use was exercised during the 1997 production year. Diamond Back Moth were causing major damage, and Endosulfan had some positive effects.
• Potential Alternatives: There are a few alternatives to battle Diamond Back Moth. Permethrin, Bt, Naled, Azinphos-Methyl, Methomyl, and Methamidophos are registered to control Diamond Back Moth. It is important, however; that the growing season of Brussels Sprouts is long (180-220 days) and to alternate the chemicals sprayed each time is the best way to preserve their efficacy.
• Other Issues: Recently the industry has been granted a Sec. 18 for the use of Success Spinosad to control Diamond Back Moth in Brussels Sprouts. This is a completely new chemistry and does show some promising results. In order to preserve its efficacy, it should be alternated with other classes of chemicals.

• Application Rate: .5 to 1 lb. A.I. per acre. (depending on soil texture) Maximum label dosage 1 lbs A.I. per season Actual dosage 0.5-1 lbs A.I. per season but rarely used.
• Application Method: Applied prior to planting as a broadcast spray and immediately followed by a shallow discing.
• Pests That Drive Usage: Weeds; primarily Burning nettle Urtica dioica
• Pre-harvest Interval (PHI): Does not apply, but their is some crop rotation restrictions that should be observed. Used as pre-plant soil application only.
• Market Shares and Trends: Not used on a wide scaled basis, but its use could become more prevalent as rising labor costs could force the grower to turn to more chemical alternatives.
• Potential Alternatives: A somewhat limited supply of DCPA is available for use, but the higher rate of the chemical must be used to control Burning nettle. This creates a costly situation.

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